The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines

Abstract

Overview

This study provides a critical review of the literature concerning three major aspects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure that are often overlooked by current guidelines: intensity, duration of exposure, and signal modulation. These factors are shown to play a fundamental role in the biological effects of RFR and necessitate a reconsideration of health and safety measures.

Findings

• The ability of biological systems to adapt may mask early detrimental effects of RFR, making prolonged exposure potentially harmful.
• Specific absorption rate findings showcase that much lower levels of radiation can instigate bio-effects, suggesting a ten-fold reduction in acceptable exposure limits could be more appropriate for safety.
• Modulation of RFR, a common feature in telecommunication signals, particularly with newer technologies like 5G, displays unique and poorly understood implications for biological systems.

Conclusion

The existing RFR exposure guidelines based on thermal effects are inadequate. Non-thermal effects, intensified by characteristics such as modulation and intensity of exposure, provide compelling evidence that current standards need to be rigorously updated to protect against the nuanced and broadly impactful effects of RFR in living organisms.