Abstract

Overview

This review comprehensively evaluates the research from the past twenty years concerning the neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF).

Findings

• Studies highlight the impact of EMF on neurotransmitters such as NMDA, serotonin, dopamine, and endogenous opioids which significantly affect behavior and brain functionalities.
• Behavioral studies corroborate these effects showing connections between behavior and EMF.
• Notable pathological and behavioral effects include alterations in locomotor activity, memory and learning deficits, and the progression of serious neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease.
• On the positive side, static/ELF EMF exposure sometimes shows potential as a non-invasive treatment or adjunct for these neurological conditions by ameliorating some of the functional deficits.
• The role of free radicals, both reactive oxygen species and reactive nitric species, is discussed, suggesting diverse outcomes based on exposure conditions.

Conclusion

While there is evidence pointing to both the deleterious and beneficial effects of EMF exposure, detailed investigation into the specific conditions leading to each outcome is necessary. There is also a need for caution when extrapolating these experimental findings to human exposure scenarios due to the use of higher field intensities in controlled experiments.