Neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields (Review)

Abstract

Overview

This review synthesizes studies conducted over the past two decades on the neurological impacts of static and extremely-low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). It highlights significant findings related to neurotransmitters and neurological diseases influenced by EMF exposure.

Findings

• Impact on neurotransmitters such as NMDA, serotonin, dopamine, and endogenous opioids—each critical to brain function and behavior.
• Behavioral influences from static/ELF EMF include variations in locomotor activity, and memory and learning deficits.
• Pathological effects linked to severe neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• Potential beneficial effects on functional deficits and slowing the progression of some neurological conditions, suggesting a use for EMF in non-invasive treatments or as treatment adjuncts.

Conclusion

The presence of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitric species suggests involvement of free radicals, indicating both harmful and beneficial outcomes dependent on exposure conditions. Further research is crucial to better understand these effects, but caution is urged in generalizing laboratory results to human environmental exposures.