Interaction of Millimetre Waves Used in 5G Network with Cells and Tissues of Head-and-Neck Region: A Literature Review

Abstract

Overview

Fifth-generation mobile technology is transforming our world, offering several benefits but also increasing exposure to radiation. Recognizing the potential risks of 5G technology is crucial due to its widespread imminent use.

Findings

An extensive review of selected studies from databases such as PubMed and Scopus, assessing the impact of millimetre waves on various biological tissues, shows mixed results. The majority of findings suggest mild, reversible effects limited to cells, with some reporting safe levels of temperature increase during exposure. Notably, certain non-thermal effects were documented that could carry potential health risks despite their current underestimation.

• Studies flag the head and neck area for special attention due to its proximity to devices emitting electromagnetic fields.
• Clinical trials need broader and longer evaluations to firmly establish the safety of millimetre waves.

Conclusion

The bulk of evidence indicates an increase in tissue temperature within safe limits following short exposures, yet acknowledges the observation of harmful cellular effects. The cumulation of exposure over a lifetime, and its impact, remains under-researched. Critical non-thermal effects, although infrequent, underscore the necessity for further studies to assure comprehensive safety assessments before global 5G implementation.

Future Study Recommendation

More detailed investigations into the non-thermal and chronic impacts of 5G radiation are essential for generating conclusive safety data. These studies should integrate evaluations about environmental and anatomical factors affecting MMW absorption.