Interaction of Millimetre Waves Used in 5G Network with Cells and Tissues of Head-and-Neck Region: A Literature Review

Abstract

Overview

With the onset of Fifth-generation (5G) mobile technology, there is significant concern regarding the increased exposure to radiation. The study conducted involves an extensive review of literature through databases like PubMed and Scopus to understand both the advantages and potential adverse effects of 5G on human and animal tissues.

Findings

• A comprehensive online literature search from April 2021 to May 2021 fetched 1269 studies, focusing on the impact of millimetre waves on diverse biological tissues.
• Out of these, 24 studies were chosen based on their relevance and quality for evidence synthesis. Studies covered diverse methodologies including randomized control trials, laboratory studies, and both in-vivo and ex-vivo approaches.
• Diverse effects were noted, with ten studies demonstrating harmful impacts of millimetre waves. Yet, results remain inconclusive with no clear association between specific frequencies and their biological impacts.
• Most observed pathophysiological effects were mild, reversible, and confined to cellular levels with insignificant impacts on organ levels due to the thermal effects of radiation.

Conclusion

Early findings suggest non-negligible risk at the cellular level, notably with short-term exposure within established safety limits; however, the implications of long-term exposure remain largely unknown. Special attention was recommended for head and neck regions, which are frequently near electromagnetic devices. It emphasizes the crucial need for further research to clearly establish safety guidelines and explore non-thermal impacts before a complete 5G deployment.