Exploring RF-EMF levels in Swiss microenvironments: An evaluation of environmental and auto-induced downlink and uplink exposure in the era of 5G

Abstract

Overview

The advancement of cellular networks necessitates updated measurement protocols to comprehensively study radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposures from devices and base stations. A novel activity-based protocol targeting microenvironmental surveys seeks to enhance how environmental and auto-induced downlink and uplink RF-EMF exposures are measured, particularly in the emerging era of 5G.

Methodology

• Five study areas with varying urbanization levels in Switzerland were defined for microenvironmental assessment of RF-EMF exposure.
• Three data transmission scenarios were tested using user equipment in different modes: non-user, maximum downlink (max DL), and maximum uplink (max UL).
• Exposimeter was employed, measuring 35 frequency bands from various sources like broadcasting and Wi-Fi.

Findings

In non-user scenarios, the highest RF-EMF levels were recorded in urban business zones, primarily due to DL and broadcasting bands. The introduction of DL and UL traffic increased exposure levels, with the most significant measurements observed in rural settings during max UL scenarios. The 5G band at 3.5 GHz and the mobile uplink at 2.1 GHz band contributed chiefly.

Conclusion

A specialized protocol effectively distinguished between environmental and specific device-induced exposures, revealing critical data on exposure levels which are crucial for epidemiological research, risk communication, and management. Extended studies in additional countries and more realistic scenarios are recommended to further comprehend exposure impacts and refine future modelling studies.