Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) in Switzerland: From exposure monitoring to daily exposure scenarios

Authors: Loizeau N, Haas D, Zahner M, Stephan C, Schindler J, Gugler M, Fröhlich J, Ziegler T, R��sli M

Year: 2024

Category: Environmental Health

Journal: Environment International

DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109181

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412024007670

Abstract

Overview

Exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) is widespread in daily environments. This study provides a detailed overview of ambient ELF-MF exposure levels in Switzerland and introduces a new environmental exposure matrix for both exposure assessment and risk communication.

Methods

  • Magnetic flux density (μT) was recorded using a portable exposimeter in a backpack.
  • Main ELF sources studied: railway power (16.7 Hz), domestic power (50 Hz), and tram ripple current (300 Hz).
  • Measurements collected between 2022 and 2024 across various settings:
    • 300 outdoor areas (city centres, residential areas)
    • 245 public spaces (train stations, schools)
    • 348 transport journeys (train, car, etc.)
    • 59 homes (bedrooms, living rooms)

Findings

  • Highest ELF-MF exposures detected in train stations (median: 0.48 μT), trains (median: 0.40 μT), and living rooms close to highest voltage power lines (median: 0.37 μT).
  • Median ELF-MF levels measured two years apart showed high consistency (Pearson coefficients: outdoor areas r = 0.88, public spaces r = 0.87).
  • No significant changes over time; measurements consistently below Swiss regulatory limits (median 0.2 % of ICNIRP guideline).
  • Derived matrix enabled modelling of 27 daily time-weighted average ELF-MF exposure scenarios across home, work, and transport environments.

Conclusion

  • The majority of the population not living near highest voltage lines or working in high-exposure settings are typically exposed to less than 0.3 μT on average.
  • Individuals near high-voltage lines or in highly exposed environments may exceed this exposure level.
  • The environmental exposure matrix offers an effective tool for public health communication and agent-based exposure modeling, supporting future epidemiological research.

⚠️ Health Connection

While this study’s measurements are within regulatory limits, it is crucial to note that ELF-MF has been categorized as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B), and ongoing research investigates potential links to health risks, especially for populations with higher or prolonged exposures.

ELF-MF exposure assessment Switzerland magnetic fields risk communication public health epidemiology
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