Systematic Review of Exposure Studies to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Spot Measurements and Mixed Methodologies

Abstract

Overview

This systematic review evaluates studies focusing on the exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF). It conforms to the PRISMA guidelines and employs the PECO methodology along with the CASPe assessment tool.

• A total of 86 studies from 1998 to 2023 were analyzed.
• Studies utilized various methodologies, primarily spot measurements and mixed methods.
• The use of Spectrum Analyzers and the inclusion of novel sensors are noted advancements in measuring techniques.

Findings

The exposure levels across various environments are significantly below the ICNIRP guideline thresholds. Data from specific locales such as Palestine and Norway illustrate the range of exposure, from minimal to higher yet safe levels.

Conclusion

The reviewed studies confirm that RF-EMF exposure levels are consistent with safe international standards but vary among environments and countries. The review supports ongoing vigilance and further research, especially with emerging technologies like 5G. It also underscores the necessity of effective communication regarding RF-EMF risks and exposure minimization.