Abstract

Abstract Summary

Overview

In the last two decades, the surge in radiofrequency sources paralleled the widespread use of smartphones. This review aims to critically evaluate studies measuring personal exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-RMF) based on rigorous standards.

Methodology

• Reviewed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines
• Follows PECO methodology and CASPe for critical evaluation
• Analyzed publications between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2021

Findings

Studies utilize personal measurements involving volunteers or trained researchers in various environments. Key instruments included personal exposimeters, recording significantly different exposure levels.

Lowest measured exposure: 1.00 nW/m2 in Egypt, 2007.

Highest measured exposure: 0.285 W/m2 in Belgium, 2019.

Conclusion

Exposure levels across studies were consistently below the safety limits set by ICNIRP guidelines, highlighting controlled exposure within accepted health risk thresholds.