Systematic Review of Exposure Studies to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Spot Measurements and Mixed Methodologies
Abstract
Overview
This systematic review presents an evaluation of studies measuring exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2023, following PRISMA guidelines and using the PECO methodology and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Español (CASPe).
- 86 papers reviewed: 61 spot measurement studies and 25 with mixed methodologies
- Measurement tools: 43% used Spectrum Analyzers—primarily Narda SRM-3006 and SRM-3000
- Introduction and use of sensors for improved study accuracy
Findings
- Minimum mean RF-EMF exposure: 0.0600 μW/m² (Palestine)
- Maximum mean RF-EMF exposure: 200,000 μW/m² (Norway)
- RF-EMF exposure levels in various microenvironments remain well below international ICNIRP guidelines for both general public (10 W/m²) and occupational exposure (50 W/m²)
- Results are comparable internationally and across different microenvironments, though individual values may differ
Conclusion
Despite generally low RF-EMF levels compared to international standards, the introduction of new technologies like 5G could change exposure levels, requiring ongoing vigilance and further research. The review stresses the importance of clear public communication and education about potential health risks from electromagnetic field exposure, as well as strategies to minimize exposure in daily life environments. It also highlights future research needs such as developing new measurement sensors and conducting longitudinal studies on long-term health effects.
⚠️ Reminder: There is a connection between RF-EMF exposure and potential health risks; public awareness and continued scientific monitoring are essential for safety.