The effects of radiofrequency exposure on adverse female reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of human observational studies with dose–response meta-analysis

Abstract

Overview

The World Health Organization (WHO) has undertaken a systematic review to gather evidence on the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on female reproductive outcomes such as pre-term birth, small for gestational age (SGA), miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight (LBW). This study adheres to WHO's guidelines for guideline development and the COSTER conduct guidelines.

Methods

• Extensive searches across several databases including MEDLINE, Embase, and the EMF Portal.
• Inclusion of quantitative human observational studies focusing on RF-EMF exposure effects in preconception or pregnant women.
• Screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the OHAT tool.
• Conduct of random effects and dose–response meta-analyses where applicable.

Findings

Eighteen studies were reviewed, dividing into general public and occupational studies. The data reveals very uncertain evidence of RF-EMF effects on various reproductive outcomes. Meta-analysis results indicate inconsistent and very low-certainty evidence on effects like preterm birth, low birth weight, and SGA due to RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones and other sources in occupational settings.

Conclusion

The evidence from the systematic review is preliminary and marked by very low certainty. More comprehensive prospective studies with improved methods of exposure measurement and statistical analysis are recommended to better illustrate the potential impacts of RF-EMF on female reproductive health.