The effects of radiofrequency exposure on adverse female reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of human observational studies with dose–response meta-analysis

Abstract

Overview

This review synthesizes the evidence from human observational studies to inform radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure guidelines by the World Health Organization (WHO). Adverse pregnancy outcomes among exposed preconception or pregnant women are studied in detail.

Methods

• Extensive searches across multiple databases, including MEDLINE and Embase.
• Includes quantitative human observational studies.
• Risk of bias assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool.
• Conducted dose–response meta-analyses as appropriate.

Findings

Evidence from both general public and occupational studies indicates very uncertain effects of RF-EMF on female reproductive outcomes like pre-term birth, low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA). Due to significant heterogeneity and risk of bias, some outcomes like miscarriage and congenital anomalies cannot be meta-analysed.

Conclusion

The current body of evidence, exhibiting low to very low certainty, suggests minimal to no effect of RF-EMF on the examined female reproductive outcomes. The heterogeneity in study designs and potential biases call for more rigorous prospective studies to consolidate or redefine our understanding of RF-EMF's impact.