Personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields: A comparative analysis of international, national, and regional guidelines

Abstract

Overview

This paper provides a comprehensive global overview and analysis of the existing limits of human exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF). These limits are established by different governments at the national and regional levels, often based on guidelines recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety of the IEEE, and the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as the precautionary principle.

Explicit reference is made to exposure limits adopted in countries and regions such as Canada, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, China, Russia, France, and specific Belgian regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia), where the standards are much lower than international recommendations. The paper compares these limits with selected in-situ measurement data.

Findings

• Measured RF-EMF values are generally much lower than international standards but may be higher relative to more restrictive national or regional limits.
• Sensitivity to EMF is assumed similar across populations (whole-body exposure).
• Countries including Belgium, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, and regions within them, have set stricter standards than international norms.
• The duality of limits within one country is highlighted as problematic and unnecessary given similar RF-EMF interactions for all residents.
• Technological trends such as the introduction of newer smartphones and deployment of 5G/6G technologies are associated with lower field intensities compared to previous models.

Conclusion

The authors propose establishing a scientifically-based, unified worldwide reference limit for the general public, applied in all countries, potentially under the guidance of ICNIRP. The maximum exposure limits should be science-driven, not political. The trend should move toward harmonizing exposure standards globally to ensure public safety based on scientific consensus.

It is emphasized that to date, the reference level for the general public has not been exceeded. However, it is vital to continue research and systematically collect exposure data to properly inform guideline-setting organizations and to reassess current limits if necessary. Notably, while most measured values are low, the connection between RF-EMF exposure and possible health risks remains a reason for cautious approach and continued scientific vigilance.