Human exposure to EMF from 5G base stations: analysis, evaluation and comparison of different assessment methods

Abstract

Overview

The deployment of 5G networks introduces complex challenges in assessing human exposure to electromagnetic fields. Variable user loads and beamforming technologies contribute to significant fluctuations in field levels at 5G base stations, which can lead to underestimations in compliance assessments.

Methodology

• Analyzing the feasibility of using broadband field meters under these fluctuating conditions.
• Comparing the effectiveness of traditional methods such as spectrum analyzers and drive test scanners against broadband field meters.
• Adjustments and considerations necessary when using broadband field meters to account for changes in base station load and beamforming.
• Descriptive analysis of different assessment methods, highlighting their time and knowledge requirements.

Findings

Three distinct methods (broadband probes, spectrum analyzers, and drive test scanners) were evaluated for field testing at the University of Vigo, Spain. The comparative study included synchronized signal power measurements, loading the base stations to simulate real-world scenarios, and considering measurement uncertainties.

Conclusion

Although challenging, accurate assessment of EMF exposure near 5G base stations is crucial. Broadband field meters, when adjusted for maximum beamforming and load scenarios, can provide a rapid compliance check. More precise methodologies, requiring further analysis and post-processing, are recommended when basic assessments exceed regulatory thresholds.