Human exposure to EMF from 5G base stations: analysis, evaluation and comparison of different assessment methods

Abstract

Overview

5G networks deployment introduces significant new challenges for evaluating human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The fast variation of user load and beamforming techniques in 5G can cause large fluctuations in base station field levels. These changes may lead to underestimated exposure levels, potentially resulting in non-compliance with safety requirements.

Findings

• The study analyzes the feasibility of confidently using broadband field meters for 5G EMF exposure assessment and compares them with alternative equipment like spectrum analyzers and drive test scanners.
• Results from synchronization signal power level measurements using spectrum analyzers or drive test scanners can be valid if gain differences between signaling and data patterns are properly accounted for.
• While broadband field meters alone may not always be sufficient due to large field fluctuations, their use is possible when results are corrected for base station load and beamforming effects.
• Field tests with actual 5G deployments on the University of Vigo campus confirmed the utility and practicality of broadband field meters for rapid compliance checks, though more accurate methods are needed if reference exposure levels are exceeded.

Conclusion

Assessing human exposure to EMF in the presence of 5G base stations is complex, particularly due to adaptive beamforming and massive MIMO technology. The study finds that broadband instruments can be used for initial assessment, provided results are corrected and uncertainties are properly considered. When field levels surpass safety reference levels, more detailed and accurate assessment methods should be implemented. The methods and procedures recommended in this paper support robust EMF safety monitoring amid evolving 5G technologies, highlighting the fundamental connection between exposure assessment methods and human health risk management.