Human exposure to EMF from 5G base stations: analysis, evaluation and comparison of different assessment methods
Abstract
Overview
5G network deployment brings new challenges to evaluating human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). The rapid fluctuations in user load and the implementation of beamforming can cause substantial variations in the field levels emitted by 5G base stations, potentially leading to an underestimation of real exposure and permitting noncompliant base stations. Traditional broadband field meters may not be adequate for such dynamic environments. This study analyzes and compares the feasibility of using broadband field meters with alternative methodologies—including spectrum analyzers and drive test scanners—for assessing 5G-related EMF exposure.
Methods
- Comparison of three assessment approaches: broadband field meters, spectrum analyzers, and drive test scanners.
- Evaluation includes measurement of synchronization signal power, extrapolation to worst-case exposure, and on-site testing at the University of Vigo with a commercial 5G base station.
- Measurements were performed at seven locations around the base station, simultaneously with all three instruments, under varied station load conditions.
- Uncertainty quantification for all collected data allows robust comparison among methods.
Findings
- Exposure levels to EMF from 5G base stations are currently low, but significant field variability exists due to technical factors.
- Broadband field meters may overestimate EMF levels when station load is high, but these remain practical and cost-effective for compliance checks.
- More accurate methods, especially for regulatory threshold exceedances, require detailed extrapolation and correction for gain differences between signal types, necessitating considerable post-processing.
Conclusion
Broadband field meters can still be used effectively for initial EMF compliance assessments at 5G base stations—especially if measurements are corrected for system load and antenna beam direction. If reference levels are exceeded, more accurate, complex assessment methods should follow. This study robustly demonstrates the importance of nuanced assessment techniques to ensure human safety and regulatory compliance, highlighting a clear connection between EMF from 5G base stations and potential health risk if not accurately assessed.