Abstract

Abstract Summary

Overview

As 5G networks expand, increasing base stations (BSs) improves network performance but raises public concerns about electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study analyzes the exposure from both downlink and uplink connections from base stations and user equipment.

Findings

• Analysis involves evaluating received power density and exposure indices under regulatory compliance.
• A trade-off was identified between reducing EMF exposure and optimizing network coverage.
• Optimization models were applied to design EMF-compliant network configurations.

Conclusion

The study concludes that EMF exposure can be kept within safe limits through careful system design, even under configurations maximizing network performance. The research supports the vital consideration of both downlink and uplink exposures in evaluating and minimizing overall EMF health risks.