Abstract

Overview

The study systematically maps the evidence concerning the impact of anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) from telecommunications on the environment, specifically flora and fauna. Despite numerous human-related safety standards based on International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines, there is no equivalent protection targeted specifically at environmental entities such as animals and plants.

Background

• Exposure to RF EMF is a rapidly growing anthropogenic factor in the environment.
• Humans are somewhat protected by ICNIRP-guided safety standards, but the adequacy of these guidelines in safeguarding the environment remains debatable.
• Public concerns persist, notably regarding the impact of new technologies like 5G on natural ecosystems.

Methods

Comprehensive searches were conducted in databases including EMF-Portal, PubMed, and Web of Science. Literature included peer-reviewed and grey literature with no geographical or time restrictions. Studies focused on any environmental entity exposed to RF EMF ranging from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.

Review Findings

• A total of 24,432 articles were reviewed, concluding with 334 relevant studies.
• Studies primarily covered frequencies between 300 and 3000 MHz and were mostly conducted under laboratory conditions.
• Significant findings include effects on insect and bird reproduction, behavior, and development; and on the germination and growth of grains and legumes.
• Many studies were of poor methodological quality, stressing the need for improved research techniques.

Conclusion

The review highlights significant gaps and the urgent need for:

• Higher quality research particularly at higher frequencies relevant to newer technologies like 5G.
• Further, eco-relevant studies under real-life conditions to accurately simulate environmental exposures.