Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Abstract

Overview

Concerns about the harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from commonly used devices on public health have been increasing. EMR at 2.45 GHz is linked to DNA damage and central nervous system alterations. This study investigates those effects on neuron-like cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).

Method and Findings

• Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were differentiated into neuronal-like cells and exposed alongside PBMCs to 2.45 GHz EMR.
• Exposure durations were 2, 24, and 48 hours.
• Assessments included cell viability, mitochondrial activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and gene transcript levels related to oxidative stress and cell death pathways.
• Significant findings:
  • Increased ROS and decreased ΔΨm noted post exposure.
  • Changes in NAD+/NADH ratio, mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) genes.
  • BAX/BCL2 ratio alterations indicating apoptosis and autophagy processes were activated.
• Neuron-like cells showed a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress compared to PBMCs, triggering an early antioxidant defense.

Conclusion

The results underscore the varied impact of 2.45 GHz EMR on ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, dependent on exposure duration and cell type. It is crucial to limit the usage of EMR-emitting devices to mitigate adverse effects and continue research to understand complex immune network interactions under prolonged exposure scenarios.