The Cellular Response Is Determined by a Combination of Different ELF-EMF Exposure Parameters: A Scope Review

Authors: López de Mingo I, Rivera González M-X, Maesté Unturbe C

Year: 2024

Category: Bioelectromagnetics, Cell Biology

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105074

URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/10/5074

Abstract

Overview

Since regulations for exposure to extremely low-frequency (0-300 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) were established, scientific consensus has often prioritized intensity as the chief parameter determining cellular behavior, frequently overlooking other exposure parameters such as frequency, duration, mode, or waveform. These assumptions are evident in both in vitro research and subsequent reviews.

Findings

  • This scope review consolidates 79 research articles that met specific inclusion criteria and examines the impact of different exposure parameters—including frequency, intensity, duration, and mode (continuous/intermittent)—on viability, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and the cell cycle in cellular systems.
  • Results are organized and visually represented by these exposure parameters to emphasize the critical need for comprehensive experimental methodologies and for elucidation of action mechanisms behind observed results. The study calls for a more nuanced understanding that accounts for more than just intensity.

Conclusion

  • The review highlights the necessity of considering each ELF-EMF exposure parameter as an independent influencer capable of producing distinct cellular responses.
  • Overemphasis on intensity—rooted in regulatory frameworks—has led to its dominance in experimental setups, shaping beliefs about the "dose effect" as a pivotal explanatory model.
  • Researchers are urged to investigate combinations of exposure parameters, potentially conceptualizing these combinations as specific cellular 'codes' that provoke specific responses.
  • The field of bioelectromagnetism must focus on high-quality, methodologically sound research to create comprehensive models of magnetic field–biological system interactions.
  • This nuanced approach is vital, not just for understanding biological effects, but also for improving public exposure regulations and exploring therapeutic uses in oncology, neurodegeneration, and tissue repair.

⚠️ This review reinforces the importance of reassessing public protection guidelines, highlighting that various ELF-EMF parameters—not just intensity—are relevant to health risks and biological effects.

ELF-EMF electromagnetic fields cellular response exposure parameters in vitro health risk regulation
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