Microwave-induced Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity of NK Cells through ERK1/2 Signaling

Abstract

Overview

This study aims to explore the impact of microwave radiation on natural killer (NK) cells, focusing specifically on morphological and functional injuries, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects.

Methods

• NK-92 cells were exposed to microwaves at intensities of 10, 30, and 50 mW/cm2 for 5 minutes.
• Assessments of ultrastructural changes, cellular apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation were conducted 1 hour and 24 hours post-exposure.
• The cytotoxic activity and the expression levels of perforin and NKG2D were evaluated. The ERK signaling pathway's involvement was also investigated.

Findings

• Significant morphological and ultrastructural injuries were observed, along with dose-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest shortly after microwave radiation.
• Notably, considerable apoptosis persisted 24 hours following exposure to 50 mW/cm2.
• Reduced cytotoxic activity and perforin expression were noted post-exposure, especially prominent in the 30 mW/cm2 exposure setup.
• These damages were associated with downregulation of phosphorylated ERK, suggesting its regulatory role.

Conclusion

Microwave exposure causes significant morphological and functional impairments in NK-92 cells, potentially mediated through the ERK-related pathway, implicating critical health risks associated with electromagnetic field exposure.