Abstract

Overview

Radiofrequency exposure from man-made sources like Wi-Fi, microwave ovens, and mobile phones has increased significantly with technological advancements. Despite being non-ionizing, the long-term effects of RF radiation cannot be ignored.

Findings

• RF radiation can alter germ cells and their environment, leading to infertility.
• In both in vitro and in vivo studies, RF has been shown to impact the morphology and physiology of germ cells, affecting spermatogenesis, motility, and reducing male gamete concentration.
• RF exposure contributes to genetic changes, hormonal fluctuations, and oxidative stress.
• A possible mechanism for sperm parameter reduction includes the activation of protein kinase complexes after RF exposure.

Conclusion

While RF is less damaging than ionizing radiations, its continuous exposure poses a significant threat to male reproductive health, potentially leading to infertility. Preventative measures and further research are essential to mitigate these effects.