Abstract

Overview

In this study, an Integrated Exposure Model (IEM) was developed to calculate the daily doses of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) experienced by the general population. This model integrates detailed attributes such as output power, distance, personal usage patterns, and characteristics. The study utilized data from a survey conducted across four European countries, involving 1755 participants.

Findings

• The median whole-body and whole-brain RF-EMF doses were estimated at 183.7 and 204.4 mJ/kg/day, respectively.
• Significant contributors to whole-brain exposure include mobile phone use near the head during calls on 2G networks and far-field sources.
• For whole-body exposure, contributions from far-field sources, Wi-Fi routers, laptops, and tablets were more pronounced, along with other mobile phone functionalities.
• The study highlights that exposure from 2G network calls is predominant for brain-focused health outcomes, while other sources increasingly affect whole-body exposure.

Conclusion

The IEM enables a comprehensive assessment of RF-EMF dose contributing sources and could guide future epidemiological research, risk assessments, and effective exposure reduction strategies. It underscores the necessity of broadening the scope of RF-EMF source inclusion in health studies, especially as newer technologies like 5G networks emerge.