Environmental impacts of 5G: A literature review of effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic field exposure of non-human vertebrates, invertebrates and plants

Abstract

Overview

Telecommunication networks utilize radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to facilitate wireless communication. Over time, these networks have advanced, introducing new generations of technology. The upcoming deployment of the fifth generation (5G) telecommunication networks involves frequencies previously uncommon, altering the exposure scenarios for wildlife.

Findings

• Dielectric heating can occur across all considered frequencies ranging from 0.4 to 300 GHz and affects various studied organisms.
• The report compiles and analyzes findings from multiple studies on the exposure of non-human vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, identifying experimental gaps and limitations.
• There is particularly scarce research on the effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields on invertebrates and plants at frequencies above 6 GHz, indicating a significant gap in knowledge.

Conclusion

The literature review underscores the need for further research into the impact of 5G on different forms of wildlife, highlighting an emergent risk to ecological health due to expanded frequency use.