Abstract

Overview

The study provides a systematic review of the literature concerning the distribution and levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure across various environments in Europe. This review captures the essence of studies conducted to determine RF-EMF levels post the recent advancements in communication technology.

Methodology

• Systematic literature search conducted for publications between January 1, 2000, and April 30, 2015.
• Types of studies included: spot measurements, personal measurements with trained researchers, and with volunteers.
• Total of 21 studies met the criteria, encompassing different measurement methods and environments.

Findings

• Mean RF-EMF exposure levels were generally low in microenvironments such as homes and outdoors, with respective values like 0.29 V/m in homes and 0.54 V/m outdoors for spot measurements.
• Highest exposure found in train environments, particularly in Belgium, with a mean value of 1.96 V/m where uplink contributed to over 95% of the exposure.
• Significant variations in exposure levels based on the measurement methods and environments studied are noted; however, all recorded levels are substantially below regulatory limits.

Conclusion

There are notable discrepancies in measurement procedures across studies, limiting cross-country comparisons and evaluations of temporal trends. The establishment of a standardized RF-EMF monitoring concept is crucial for accurately defining typical exposure levels in daily environments and ensuring public health safety in the context of rising EMF exposure.