Abstract

Overview

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFs) have been shown to induce significant biological effects on various cell types. This study investigates these effects using a novel system designed to overcome limitations of previous ELF-EMF systems.

Methodology

• Apoptosis and cell counts were measured using flow cytometry and the Trypan Blue dye exclusion method.
• In vitro cell survival was assessed by colony formation assays.
• Cell cycle distribution, intracellular ROS levels, and autophagy were analyzed using a flow cytometer.
• Cell differentiation in suspended cells was evaluated through phagocytosis of latex particles and NBT reduction assays.

Findings

The response to ELF-EMF exposure varies depending on the biological state of the cell. Specific frequencies, such as 0.01 Hz for DU145, HUVEC, and K562 cell lines and 1 Hz for MDA-MB-231 cells, induced optimized responses.

• Long-term exposure in adherent cells showed a reduction in proliferation, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, increased intracellular ROS, leading to morphological changes and cell death.
• K562 cells differentiated through the induction of autophagy and a decrease in cell number after exposure to ELF-EMF.

Conclusion

This novel approach to studying ELF-EMF impacts provides insights into the varied responses of cells, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues for regulating cell behavior in pathological conditions.