Neurotoxic effects of 3.5 GHz GSM-like RF exposure on cultured DRG neurons: a mechanistic insight into oxidative and apoptotic pathways

Authors: Bektas H, Seker A, Ustun R, Dogu S

Year: 2026 Jan 21

Category: Neuroscience

Journal: Int J Radiat Biol

DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2026.2617592

URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41562640/

Abstract

Overview

This study explored the effects of strictly non-thermal, GSM-like 3.5 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF)—with frequencies overlapping those used by 5G networks—on peripheral sensory neurons. Specifically, researchers examined if such exposures disrupt redox balance and activate apoptotic processes in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.

Materials and Methods

  • Mouse DRG cultures were exposed to pulsed 3.5 GHz RF-EMF (217 Hz, ~12.5% duty cycle) for periods from 1 to 24 hours in a specialized GTEM-based setup.
  • Exposure conditions maintained a temperature difference below 0.1°C to ensure non-thermal exposure, supported by precise dosimetry consistent with IEEE/IEC guidelines.
  • Outcomes measured included cell viability, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial apoptotic markers (e.g., Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, caspase-3), and the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, analyzed via blinded confocal microscopy.

Findings

  • RF-EMF exposure induced a significant and time-dependent reduction in cell viability.
  • Robust increases in ROS were observed along with upregulation of pro-apoptotic markers (Bax and caspase-3) and release of cytochrome c.
  • Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 levels decreased and p75NTR was upregulated, indicating maladaptive neurotrophin signaling.
  • Maximal effects occurred at 12–24 hours post-exposure.
  • SAR values: total 171 mW/kg; 1-g 270 mW/kg; peak 1149 mW/kg, all under non-thermal conditions.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that non-thermal 3.5 GHz RF-EMF disrupts redox homeostasis and initiates mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in peripheral sensory neurons. This provides mechanistic evidence of peripheral neuronal vulnerability associated with mid-band RF exposures and strengthens the connection between RF-EMF exposure and adverse neurobiological outcomes, underscoring the need for further in vivo investigation to assess long-term impacts on health.

RF-EMF neurotoxicity oxidative stress apoptosis dorsal root ganglion 3.5 GHz electromagnetic fields
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