Ameliorative Role of Coenzyme Q10 in RF Radiation-Associated Testicular and Oxidative Impairments in a 3.5-GHz Exposure Model

Authors: Bektas H, Yildirim S, Cakir S, Dogu S, Altindag F

Year: 2026 Jan

Category: Bioelectromagnetics, Reproductive Toxicology

Journal: Bioelectromagnetics

DOI: 10.1002/bem.70043

Abstract

Overview

This experimental study explored the biological effects of GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field exposure on the reproductive health of male Wistar rats. Furthermore, it evaluated whether Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) could serve as a protective agent against these RF-induced impairments.

Findings

  • Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: Control, RF, CoQ10, and RF + CoQ10.
  • Rats were exposed to RF for 2 hours daily over 30 days. CoQ10 was given intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg/day.
  • Hormonal levels (testosterone, LH, FSH), oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, TAS, TOS), and testicular tissue histopathology were thoroughly assessed.
  • SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) simulations estimated whole-body SAR at 0.16995 W/kg and testis-specific SAR at 0.02669 W/kg.
  • RF exposure led to:
    • Reduced testosterone, LH, and FSH levels
    • Increased MDA and TOS concentrations, indicating oxidative stress
    • Degenerative changes in testicular histology
  • CoQ10 supplementation partially reversed these changes, restoring testosterone and TAS levels and reducing testicular tissue damage.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate that even low-SAR GSM-modulated 3.5 GHz RF exposure can negatively affect male reproductive health by disrupting hormonal balance, elevating oxidative stress, and causing structural testicular damage. There is a significant link between electromagnetic field exposure and health risks related to reproduction and oxidative balance. CoQ10 supplementation showed partial protective effects by supporting antioxidant balance and testicular function. These findings highlight the urgent need for personal protection strategies against electromagnetic fields and suggest that antioxidant agents such as CoQ10 may offer therapeutic benefits. However, as the study used a GSM-modulated waveform, results should not be generalized to FR1 5G NR signals.

Further clinical and translational research is required to fully understand the health risks and to support public health guidelines addressing electromagnetic field exposure.

radiofrequency radiation 3.5 GHz oxidative stress male reproductive health Coenzyme Q10 SAR simulation testicular damage
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