Time-Dependence Effect of 2.45 GHz RF-EMR Exposure on Male Reproductive Hormones and LHCGR

Authors: Jamaludin N, Ibrahim SF, Osman K, Syed Taha SMA, Hairulazam A, Vijay S, Farzana Zulkefli A, Mat Ros MF, Fathihah Jaffar FH

Year: 2025 Oct

Category: Endocrinology, Reproductive Toxicology

Journal: Journal of Pioneering Medical Sciences

URL: https://jpmsonline.com/article/time-dependence-effect-of-2-45-ghz-rf-emr-exposure-on- male-reproductive-hormones-and-lhcgr-906/

Abstract

Overview

As wireless technologies become increasingly integrated into daily life, concerns have grown regarding the biological effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR), particularly its influence on the Luteinizing Hormone (LH)-LH receptor (LHCGR)-testosterone pathway within the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis.

This study investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on this crucial pathway in male rats.

Methods

  • 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group).
  • Exposure to Wi-Fi was set at 0 (control), 4, 8, or 24 hours daily for eight weeks.
  • Serum LH and testosterone levels were measured by ELISA.
  • LHCGR gene and protein expression were assessed using RT-qPCR and Western blot.
  • ANOVA was used for most data analysis; Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to serum testosterone levels.

Findings

  • No significant differences were found in systemic LH or testosterone levels between exposure groups and controls.
  • LHCGR mRNA expression showed a significant time-dependent increase with longer exposure duration.
  • LHCGR protein levels decreased with shorter exposures and showed partial improvement with 24-hour exposure, but did not return to control levels.

Conclusion

  • Although systemic hormonal levels remained stable, RF-EMR exposure may be associated with molecular alterations in testicular tissue.
  • There is evidence of compensatory upregulation of LHCGR expression and adaptive, but not fully restorative, responses in Leydig cells compared to non-exposed controls.

⚠️ These findings indicate a clear link between electromagnetic field exposure (such as common Wi-Fi) and testicular molecular responses, supporting the need for ongoing evaluation of EMF health risks, especially regarding reproductive health.

RF-EMR Wi-Fi male fertility reproductive hormones LHCGR Leydig cells electromagnetic fields
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