Empirical and Modeling Approach for Environmental Indoor RF-EMF Assessment in Complex High-Node Density Scenarios: Public Shopping Malls Case Study

Abstract

Overview

This research utilizes both empirical and modeling approaches to assess radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) radiation exposure within public shopping malls, signifying a typical indoor environment with high-node user density and multiple coexisting wireless communication systems.

Findings

• Detailed analysis of wireless communications from 2G to 5G and Wi-Fi services (IEEE 802.11n/ac) to ensure RF-EMF levels meet regulatory standards.
• Empirical data gathered with frequency-selective exposimeters across various countries for statistical analysis.
• Comparative evaluation against international safety standards such as ICNIRP 2020, IEEE 2019, and stricter guidelines in Poland.
• Simulation outcomes for worst-case scenarios in environments with dense high-node user populations employing in-house 3D Ray-Launching techniques aligned well with empirical findings, substantiating their accuracy.

Conclusion

The findings consistently indicate that E-Field levels in all tested and simulated conditions remain well below international exposure limits. While current results show compliance with safety standards, continuous monitoring and revisiting guidelines are encouraged, especially with the advancement towards higher frequency ranges in 5G technology.