A comprehensive review of 5G NR RF-EMF exposure assessment technologies: fundamentals, advancements, challenges, niches, and implications

Authors: Korkmaz E, Aerts S, Coesoij R, Bhatt CR, Velghe M, Colussi L, Land D, Petroulakis N, Spirito M, Bolte J

Year: 2024 Jul 5

Category: Exposure Assessment, Electromagnetic Field Safety

Journal: Environ Res

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119524

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935124014294

Abstract

Overview

This review offers a detailed examination of the current landscape of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) assessment tools. It covers a spectrum of technologies ranging from spectrum analyzers and broadband field meters to area monitors and custom-built devices. The discussion incorporates both standardized and non-standardized measurement protocols, highlighting the breadth of methods in EMF assessment.

Technologies and Methods

  • Use of mobile apps for characterization of 5G-NR radio network data
  • Increasing demand for low-cost measurement devices, known as "sensors" or "sensor nodes," capable of functioning in various environmental conditions
  • Importance for both microenvironmental surveys and individual exposure assessments, including stationary, mobile, and personal (body-worn) sensors, spanning wide geographic areas

Findings & Challenges

  • Notable need for cost-effective, durable sensors for individual exposure, mobile (vehicle-integrated) measurements, and distributed sensor networks
  • Lack of comprehensive information about custom-developed RF-EMF measurement tools, particularly regarding measurement uncertainty
  • Need for real-time, rapid-sampling solutions to address highly variable temporal changes in EMF distribution in future network environments
  • The diversity and complexity of tools and methods necessitate robust statistical approaches for aggregating measurement data

Conclusion

The review underscores the critical need for advancements in RF-EMF measurement technology to keep pace with the rapid development and deployment of 5G networks. Accurate exposure assessment is vital for understanding potential links to health risks associated with electromagnetic fields. Readers should be aware that rigorous and comprehensive EMF exposure assessments are essential for adequately evaluating health implications in relation to 5G and similar technologies.

5G RF-EMF exposure assessment sensor technology measurement tools public health mobile networks
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