A comprehensive review of 5G NR RF-EMF exposure assessment technologies: fundamentals, advancements, challenges, niches, and implications

Authors: Korkmaz E, Aerts S, Coesoij R, Bhatt CR, Velghe M, Colussi L, Land D, Petroulakis N, Spirito M, Bolte J

Year: 2024 Jul 6

Category: Environmental Health / Exposure Assessment

Journal: Environmental Research

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119524

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013935124014294

Abstract

Overview

This review offers a detailed examination of the current landscape of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) assessment tools, including:

  • Spectrum analyzers
  • Broadband field meters
  • Area monitors
  • Custom-built devices

The discussion addresses both standardized and non-standardized measurement protocols and highlights the increasing use of mobile apps for characterizing 5G NR radio network data.

Findings

  • Growing need for low-cost, durable EMF sensors: Sensors, also known as "sensor nodes," must withstand various environmental conditions to support both microenvironmental surveys and individual exposures.
  • Diversification of measurement methods: The review demonstrates diversity in stationary, mobile, and personal exposure assessment approaches, including the use of body-worn sensors and vehicle-integrated measurements.
  • Lack of comprehensive comparison framework: There is insufficient information on existing custom-built RF-EMF tools, particularly regarding measurement uncertainty and real-time data sampling.
  • Critical demand for real-time and fast-sampling solutions: Understanding temporal variations in EMF distribution within next-generation networks demands new measurement technologies.

Conclusion

This review establishes a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art RF-EMF measuring instruments and methods, including:

  • Spectrum analyzers, broadband meters, area monitors, personal exposimeters
  • Existing protocols, both standardized and ad hoc
  • Commonly used mobile apps for 5G NR exposure assessment

Significant gaps remain: notably, a need for cost-effective, long-lasting sensors suitable for various applications, from on-body to vehicle-integrated, and stationary assessments. The diversity in tools and methods highlights the necessity for comparative studies and development of statistical tools to aggregate exposure data.

The findings directly relate to the ongoing concern about health risks associated with EMF, reinforcing the need for accurate and comprehensive exposure assessment technologies to protect environmental and public health.

A detailed discussion of current 5G NR assessment methods and new low-cost, custom-built measurement equipment is planned for a subsequent publication.

5G RF-EMF exposure assessment sensor technology health risk measurement tools environmental monitoring
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