Abstract

Overview

Electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure from radio frequency (RF) domains is critically considered in the deployment of new cellular network technologies. This is especially pertinent in European countries where strict limits are applied to ensure that radiating elements like cellular antennas do not exceed established thresholds in urban or densely populated areas.

Findings

• Prior to 5G, EMF limits could be managed using calculation methods during the network planning phase. However, 5G technologies such as Massive MIMO and Time Division Duplex allow for dynamic antenna behaviors, making it more challenging to estimate and manage RF-EMF emissions.
• The dynamic nature of 5G antenna systems, combined with the use of larger antenna arrays, often leads to overestimations of EMF exposure. The prevailing solution to manage exposure and remain compliant with regulations is to reduce the output power, which may compromise the performance of 5G networks.
• The survey reviews the regulatory frameworks globally, with a focus on Europe, and specifically Luxembourg, which has stricter EMF limits compared to other EU countries.
• The document explores both conventional and prospective EMF exposure estimation methods used in 4G and earlier generations, and discusses potential, yet unstandardized approaches for 5G.

Conclusion

The paper concludes with a discussion on the significance of EMF-aware network planning and optimization approaches, and highlights the gaps and opportunities in current methodologies aimed to minimize EMF risks while deploying new cellular technologies.