Effects of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency field exposures on HSF1, RAS, ERK, and PML activation in live fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells

Abstract

Overview

The potential health risks associated with exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from advancements in mobile communication technologies, particularly 5G, have spurred societal concerns and necessitated rigorous health guideline implementations.

Methodology

Our study employs the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy-Transfer (BRET) technique to investigate potential cellular stress responses in live human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. We exposed these cells to 5G 3.5 GHz signals with a specific absorption rate (SAR) of up to 4 W/kg, in continuous or intermittent modes (5 min ON/10 min OFF), over 24 hours.

Findings

• At SARs of 0.25 and 1 W/kg, there was a noticeable decrease in basal BRET signals of Heat Shock Factor (HSF1) in fibroblasts, but not at the highest SAR (4 W/kg).
• Slight reductions in maximal efficacy of As2O3-triggered SUMOylation of Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein (PML) in fibroblasts exposed to the continuous 5G signal, contrasting with unimpacted keratinocytes.

Conclusion

While certain patterns of change were observed, inconsistencies across cell types, SAR levels, modes of exposure, and molecular cellular stress responses lead to a conclusion that no conclusive evidence exists showing negative molecular effects from RF-EMF exposure alone or combined with chemical stressors. Nonetheless, further research is crucial to fully understand the biological impacts and ensure safe deployment of 5G technology.