Effects of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency field exposures on HSF1, RAS, ERK, and PML activation in live fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells

Abstract

Overview

The increasing societal concerns about the health risks posed by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields are significant, particularly with new mobile communication technologies. Established guidelines aim to protect the public from specific risks such as non-specific heating above 1 °C, yet uncertainties remain around the biological effects of non-thermal exposures.

Study Goals

With the inception of the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication, this research focuses on examining if exposure to the 5G signal provokes a cellular stress response, which is crucial for ensuring safe technology rollout and evaluating associated health risks.

Methodology

Using the Bioluminescence Resonance Energy-Transfer (BRET) technique, this study explores the influence of continuous or intermittent exposures of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts to 5G 3.5 GHz signals at varying Specific Absorption Rates (SAR), up to 4 W/kg over 24 hours, on cellular stress markers including HSF1, RAS, ERK, and PML.

Findings

• A decrease in the HSF1 basal BRET signal observed with lower SAR exposures (0.25 and 1 W/kg), not evident at the highest SAR (4 W/kg).
• A mild reduction in the efficacy of As₂O₃ to induce PML SUMOylation in fibroblasts under continuous 5G exposure; this effect was not replicated in keratinocytes.

Conclusion

The study reveals inconsistent effects across cell types, exposure conditions, and molecular stress responses, culminating in inconclusive evidence of molecular effects from 5G RF-EMF exposure on skin cells, whether solo or combined with a chemical stressor.