Adverse Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on The Central Nervous System: A Review

Authors: Karapinar BO, Altuntas E, Gul T, Tokpinar A, Degermenci M, Bas O

Year: 2025

Category: Neuroscience, Environmental Health

Journal: ODU Med J

URL: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/5360399

Abstract

Overview

With rapid technological advancements, exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is now a ubiquitous aspect of daily life. Both natural and artificial EMF sources are raising significant public health concerns due to their biological effects on the central nervous system (CNS).

Findings

  • Current evidence links EMF exposure to several adverse effects including:
    • Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier
    • Oxidative stress
    • Altered neurotransmitter levels
    • Impaired learning and memory
    • Neurodevelopmental changes
    • Potential for neurodegenerative outcomes
  • Conflicting results exist regarding the link between radiofrequency and extremely low-frequency EMFs and brain tumor development.
  • The World Health Organization classifies radiofrequency EMFs as "possibly carcinogenic to humans."
  • Critical periods such as childhood and prenatal development are especially vulnerable to EMF effects.
  • While some studies indicate potential therapeutic applications, the majority of research highlights adverse neurological consequences.

Conclusion

Accumulating data strongly suggests EMF exposure exerts diverse biological impacts on the CNS, such as blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter dysregulation, cognitive decline, and carcinogenic potential. Vulnerable populations, especially children and those in developmental stages, face greater risks.

Given the pervasive presence of EMFs and inconsistencies across studies, further long-term, standardized, and mechanistic research is essential. These will be key to establishing neurological risks and guiding policy for public health protection and EMF hazard mitigation.

electromagnetic fields central nervous system brain tumors oxidative stress neurodevelopment public health carcinogenicity
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