Brain structure alterations following neonatal exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields: A histological analysis

Abstract

Overview

This study delves into the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on brain development, specifically focusing on nitric oxide (NO) modulation and neuronal changes. Existing research has shown EMF's significant role in neurobiology, influencing cerebral functions and synaptic plasticity.

Methodology

The experimental setup involved perinatal exposure of Wistar albino rats to varying conditions:

• Control group with tap water,
• Groups given 1 g/L of L-arginine (LA) or 0.5 g/L of N-methylarginine (NMA),
• Half of these groups also subjected to a 7-Hz square-wave EMF at intensities of 5, 50, and 500 nT for 2-14 days post-birth.

The rats matured to adulthood, and their brains were harvested for histological analysis using Toluidine Blue O staining to visualize neuronal structures.

Findings

Significant findings from the study include:

• Increased neuronal density in specific brain areas due to EMF exposure and pharmacological treatment,
• Observations of sex-specific neuronal responses, particularly:
  • An increase in the neuronal count in the left CA3 region of female rats exposed to EMF compared to unexposed females,
  • Enhanced neuronal count in the right entorhinal cortex of male rats exposed to EMF over unexposed males.

These results underscore the complex interplay between sex-related differences in response to EMF and pharmacological interventions and their cumulative impact on brain structure.

Conclusion

The study highlights the intricate dynamics of neuronal changes triggered by environmental factors like EMF exposure combined with pharmacological agents. This provides essential insights into possible impacts on cognitive functions and neurological health, suggesting avenues for further research in both clinical and environmental contexts.