Electromagnetic fields exposure on fetal and childhood abnormalities: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Kashani ZA, Pakzad R, Fakari FR, Haghparast MS, Abdi F, Kiani Z, Talebi A, Haghgoo SM

Year: 2023 May 12

Category: Epidemiology

Journal: Open Med (Wars)

DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0697

URL: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/med-2023-0697/html?lang=en

Abstract

Overview

In today's world, individuals are frequently exposed to electromagnetic waves, raising concerns about their effects on cell components. Such exposure has been linked to alterations in cell proliferation, DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, cancers, and birth defects. This systematic review and meta-analysis explores the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on fetal and childhood abnormalities.

Methodology

  • Databases searched: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar (as of January 1, 2023).
  • Statistical analysis included Cochran's Q-test, I² statistics, random-effects model for pooled odds ratios, standardized mean differences, and meta-regression for heterogeneity.
  • Analysis included 14 studies on outcomes like gene expression changes, oxidant/antioxidant parameters, DNA damage in umbilical cord blood, fetal developmental disorders, cancers, and childhood development disorders.

Findings

  • Fetal and childhood abnormalities were more common in parents exposed to EMFs (SMD 0.25, 95% CI [0.15-0.35]; I² 91%).
  • Increased risks found for:
    • Fetal developmental disorders (OR 1.34, 95% CI [1.17-1.52])
    • Cancer (OR 1.14, 95% CI [1.05-1.23])
    • Childhood development disorders (OR 2.10, 95% CI [1.00-3.21])
    • Changes in gene expression, oxidant parameters, and DNA damage (all with significant mean differences)
  • Significant influence of publication year on study heterogeneity.
  • Maternal exposure, especially in the first trimester, is associated with increased oxidative stress, DNA damage, and embryonic abnormalities.
  • Parental exposure to both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is associated with increased risks of childhood cancers and developmental disorders, including speech problems.

Conclusion

  • Strong associations are seen between maternal EMF exposure during pregnancy and fetal complications, including enhanced oxidative factors, decreased antioxidants, DNA damage, and altered gene expression in cord blood.
  • Proximity to high-voltage power lines (>1 mG or 50 Hz) is linked to congenital anomalies and neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Parental exposure to X-rays, ELF-EMF, and RF radiation is associated with higher risks of childhood and adolescent cancers.
  • Despite some study limitations (e.g., exposure measurement accuracy), any increase in EMF exposure may pose serious health risks for future generations, emphasizing the need for further research and heightened awareness.

⚠️ There is a clear connection between EMF exposure and increased risk for a range of serious fetal and childhood health outcomes.

electromagnetic fields fetal abnormalities childhood cancer DNA damage prenatal exposure oxidative stress neurodevelopmental disorders
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