Abstract

Overview

The upcoming deployment of 5G mobile networks introduces significant advancements in mobile broadband speeds and data usage capabilities, featuring innovations such as multiple-input multiple-output antennas (MIMO), beamforming for directional signal transmission, and new frequency ranges.

EMF Exposure Changes

With these technological advances, a change in human and environmental exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is anticipated. Notable are the 5G pioneer bands at EU level: 700 MHz, 3.6 GHz, and 26 GHz.

• The first two frequencies (FR1) have been extensively studied in epidemiological and experimental research.
• The higher frequency (26 GHz, FR2) has not been sufficiently studied for its potential hazards.

Current Research Findings

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has labeled RF EMF as 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' and points out the urgency of re-evaluating RF exposure.

• There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenic and reproductive/developmental adverse effects from lower frequency RF (450 to 6000 MHz).
• Studies investigating the higher frequency ranges (24 to 100 GHz) are inadequate and inconclusive.

Conclusions

The review delineates clear health risks associated with lower frequency ranges (FR1), highlighting probable carcinogenicity linked to specific cancers such as gliomas and acoustic neuromas, and adverse effects on male and potential female fertility, along with developmental impacts on embryos, foetuses, and newborns. In contrast, the higher frequencies (FR2) have not been adequately researched, especially concerning non-thermal effects.