Effects of 4G Long-Term Evolution Electromagnetic Fields on Thyroid Hormone Dysfunction and Behavioral Changes in Adolescent Male Mice

Authors: Kim HY, Son Y, Jeong YJ, Lee SH, Kim N, Ahn YH, Jeon SB, Choi HD, Lee HJ

Year: 2024 Oct 10

Category: Endocrinology, Neuroscience

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI: 10.3390/ijms252010875

URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/20/10875

Abstract

Overview

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) can penetrate tissues and have the potential to influence both endocrine and brain development. With the proliferation of mobile phone use, especially among children and adolescents, it is vital to understand the long-term effects of RF-EMF exposure on these developmental processes.

Study Focus

  • Investigates the impact of LTE (Long-Term Evolution) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on thyroid hormone levels, which are essential for metabolism, growth, and development.
  • Experimental group: Four-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) exposed to LTE EMF (whole-body average specific absorption rate SAR 4 W/kg).
  • Comparison group: Mice exposed to lead (Pb, 300 ppm in drinking water).
  • Exposure duration: 4 weeks.

Behavioral and Biochemical Assessments

  • Mice underwent behavioral tests: open field, marble burying, and nest building.
  • Blood levels of pituitary and thyroid hormones were measured.
  • Gene expression in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis was analyzed.

Findings

  • LTE exposure increased triiodothyronine (T3) hormone levels.
  • Lead exposure elevated T3 and T4 levels while decreasing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
  • No gene expression changes in thyroid and pituitary glands after LTE exposure.
  • Significantly reduced expressions of Dio2 and Dio3 in the hypothalamus of LTE group.
  • Lead exposure altered mRNA levels of Oatp1c1 and Trh (hypothalamus), Trhr (pituitary), and Tpo/Tg (thyroid).

Conclusion

Exposure to LTE EMF led to changes in hypothalamic gene expression (Dio2 and Dio3), suggesting a potential impact on the HPT axis function and possible disruption of the endocrine system. This study highlights the need for further research on how RF-EMF may alter hormonal and neurological development, raising concerns about EMF exposure and endocrine health risks.

RF-EMF LTE thyroid hormones adolescent mice behavioral changes HPT axis endocrine disruption
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