Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz increases toxicity, pro-inflammatory and pre-apoptotic activity caused by black carbon in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line

Abstract

Overview

Environmental factors such as air pollution by particles and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are acknowledged as detrimental to human health. The interaction between EMFs and pollutants, specifically fine and coarse black carbon (BC) particles, was examined for potential additive effects in inducing cellular and inflammatory responses.

Findings

• Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) at 2.45 GHz intensified the toxic effect of BC in macrophages from the RAW 264.7 cell line, particularly noticeable at high doses within the first 24 hours.
• The prolongation of immune responses was evidenced by increased macrophage phagocytosis and elevated nitrite levels following RF exposure, persisting up to 72 hours.
• Significant elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α at 24 hours, and interleukin-1β and caspase-3 at 72 hours, were recorded, marking a pronounced activation of inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.

Conclusion

The combined action of BC and RF not only exacerbates cell toxicity but also prompts a sustained pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic environment. These findings indicate a potential mechanism through which exposure to EMFs in conjunction with particulate matter could provoke hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune disorders.