Abstract

Overview

This article examines the bio-electromagnetic effects experienced by the human head when exposed to different operating frequencies from three types of mobile phone antennas.

Methodology

• The study employs a three-layer ball model to represent the human head.
• COMSOL Multiphysics software is utilized to simulate the specific absorption rate (SAR), power density (Sab), and temperature rise within the model.

Findings

The research identifies the following key outcomes:

• The maximum SAR levels in the human head are 1.41 W/kg with a microwave antenna and 4.4 W/kg with a millimeter-wave antenna.
• Millimeter-wave antennas emit higher radiation energy compared to microwave antennas concerning the human head model.
• Despite these higher emissions, all radiation doses absorbed in human tissues remain below established safety limits.

Conclusion and Health Implications

While all measured values are under safety restrictions, the significantly higher radiation from millimeter-wave antennas could indicate a potential for greater bio-effects and requires careful monitoring and further study to fully understand the long-term health impacts.