Abstract

Overview

Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) is increasingly prevalent due to modern technologies. This review focuses on its impact on various cytokines involved in both innate and adaptive immunity.

Findings

• ELF-EMF exhibits both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on immune system responses.
• Physical and biological parameters of ELF-EMF interact, influencing inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine activity.
• Short-term exposure (2-24 hours per day, up to a week) with strong density ELF-EMF is likely to boost innate immune responses by increasing specific cytokines.
• Conversely, long-term exposure (2-24 hours per day, up to 8 years) to low-density ELF-EMF may dampen adaptive immune responses, particularly affecting the Th1 subset.

Conclusion

The dual nature of ELF-EMF's effects on cytokine expression and immune function portrays a complex interplay of physical and biological factors. The comprehensive impact can vary, making it challenging to determine the definitively beneficial or hazardous consequences of ELF-EMF exposure on immune cell responses.