Numerical analysis of the thermal effects on adult with brain pacemaker implantation exposed to WIFI antennas

Authors: Tian R, Zhao Y, Lu M, Deng J

Year: 2025

Category: Biomedical Engineering

Journal: Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2025.106941

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25012018

Abstract

Overview

This numerical study examines the safety implications for Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients with brain pacemaker (BP) implants who are exposed to electromagnetic (EM) radiation from cell phones, specifically WIFI antennas.

Study Details

  • A 3D model of the human brain, including the Basal Ganglia, two types of dual-frequency planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA) operating at WIFI/5G, and two types of implanted BPs, was constructed using COMSOL finite element software.
  • Parameters varied included antenna operating frequency, angle between antennas and brain, thermal conductivity of Grey Matter (GM), and electrode structure.

Findings

  • The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and temperature increase within brain tissue stayed below ICNIRP 2020 safety limits (2 W/kg for SAR and 2°C for temperature rise) at all frequencies and angles, peaking at an antenna-to-brain angle of 90°.
  • Variations in GM thermal conductivity and electrode geometry influenced the trends in temperature increase within the brain tissue.
  • Thermal strain and displacement of brain tissues during heating could impact the postoperative efficacy for PD patients with BP implants.
  • The magnitude of observed displacement was consistent with values previously reported in medical literature.

Recommendations

  • Avoid using cell phones in a position where the antenna is at a 90° angle to the brain.
  • PD patients should keep as much distance as possible from cell phones to minimize exposure.
  • Regular hospital visits are advised for PD patients with brain pacemakers to ensure proper device function, especially for frequent cell phone users.

Conclusion

Although SAR and thermal effects stay within recommended safety limits, thermal strain and tissue displacement present potential risks. There is a clear connection between electromagnetic field exposure and possible health impacts for patients with brain implants, warranting caution and continued monitoring.

electromagnetic fields thermal effects brain pacemaker WIFI exposure Parkinson's disease SAR neurostimulation safety
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