Visualizing radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure through Voronoi-based maps

Authors: Arribas E, Ramirez-Vazquez R, Escobar I

Year: 2025 Nov 15

Category: Environmental Science, Exposure Assessment

Journal: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-37188-4

URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41239101/

Abstract

Overview

Measuring exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in urban environments remains a challenging and labor-intensive process. In this study, the authors present a novel approach utilizing Voronoi diagrams to visualize RF-EMF exposure throughout a city with 200,000 inhabitants.

Methods

  • The city was divided into cells using the Voronoi diagram technique, with each cell based on the Euclidean distance to a specific point.
  • The RMS (root mean square) electric field was measured at each seed point using a personal exposimeter and assigned to the respective cell.
  • The number of cells varied from 5 up to 100 for detailed mapping.
  • Maps used a palette of four uniform colors to represent the measured electric field strengths and improve perceptual clarity.

Findings

  • As the number of cells increased, their size decreased, and the mapping process became more stabilized with a higher number of measurement points.
  • Predominantly, the mapped areas were green, indicating an RMS electric field of 1.9 V/m at the seed points; the ICNIRP maximum guideline is 61.4 V/m.
  • Three cells showed electric field values above 3.9 V/m, with the maximum measured at 11.4 V/m. All measured values remained within recommended safety levels.
  • Color changes in cells reflected updated measurements, revealing spatial variability throughout the city.
  • The Voronoi diagrams effectively illustrated the spatial distribution and variation of electric field strengths across the urban area.

Conclusion

The Voronoi diagram mapping method proves to be valuable and engaging for visualizing RF-EMF exposure measurements in medium-sized cities. However, it is important to recognize that while all measured values were within the ICNIRP guidelines, exposure to electromagnetic fields is linked to potential health risks according to a growing body of scientific literature. This study contributes to the accurate visualization and assessment of community exposure, which supports ongoing public health and EMF safety efforts.

radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure assessment Voronoi diagrams electric field mapping visualization
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