A review on point mutations via proton transfer in DNA base pairs in the absence and presence of electric fields

Abstract

Overview

This comprehensive review explores spontaneous mutations occurring during DNA replication, the critical process for genetic information transfer. The article builds on the foundational hypothesis by Löwdin (1963), which links point mutations to proton transfer reactions within hydrogen-bonded DNA base pairs.

Mechanism of Proton Transfer

• Single and double proton transfer reactions within base pairs can form zwitterions and rare tautomers, respectively.
• Persistent genetic mutations result if these products are generated at high rates and are thermodynamically stable.

Experimental and Computational Insights

The review synthesizes findings from both experimental and computational studies on proton transfer reactions in DNA base pairs, enhancing our understanding of their frequency and energetics.

Role of Electric Fields

The paper critically examines the impact of externally applied electric fields on:

• The thermodynamics and kinetics of proton transfer reactions
• The biological implications of altered mutation rates

Exposure to electric fields may directly influence genetic stability and the likelihood of health risks due to increased mutation rates.

Conclusion

The review highlights the emerging evidence connecting environmental electric fields to altered DNA mutation processes, underlining potential public health concerns and the importance of electromagnetic field (EMF) safety.