Abstract

Overview

This comprehensive review focuses on spontaneous mutations that occur during DNA replication, a key process for transferring genetic information.

Findings

• In 1963, Löwdin postulated that such mutations primarily result from proton transfer reactions within the hydrogen-bonded DNA base pairs.
• The phenomena of single and double proton transfer within base pairs lead to the formation of zwitterions and rare tautomers respectively.
• For mutations to persist, these reaction products must be generated at high rates and be thermodynamically stable.
• The study includes both experimental and computational reviews of proton transfer reactions.
• Additionally, the impact of externally applied electric fields on the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions and their biological implications is explored.

Conclusion

The review establishes a clear connection between proton transfer mechanisms in DNA and the influence of electric fields on these processes.