Abstract

Overview

This study presents a systematic review comparing the exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to that in high-income countries (HICs). A total of 1483 articles were initially considered, with 25 qualifying for in-depth analysis.

Findings

• Exhibits significant diversity in study design, environments, and methodologies of exposure assessment.
• Outdoor spot measurements of ELF-MF exposure ranged between 0.03 to 4μT in various locations.
• Indoor spot measurements in residential areas varied from 0.02 to 0.4μT.
• The proportion of homes exposed to ≥0.3μT was considerably higher in LMICs than in HICs.

Conclusion

The data suggests that the general population in LMICs may be at a higher risk of ELF-MF exposure compared to those in HICs. However, the studies' heterogeneity and the absence of systematic monitoring impede definitive conclusions. Enhanced standardisation in reportage and further representative studies are urgently required to better understand and mitigate the risks associated with ELF-MF in LMICs.