Abstract

Abstract Summary

Overview: This paper introduces an innovative method for estimating potential human exposure to electromagnetic fields from 5G base stations. The approach is designed to provide a conservative estimate of the maximum field level that can be emitted.

Methodology: The technique utilizes a Maximum Power Extrapolation (MPE) approach, requiring the measurement of reference signals like the Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) using a simple spectrum analyzer. This process allows for the estimation of the Resource Element (RE) power through broadcast beams. Following this, the method involves estimating RE power of traffic beam signals using statistical modeling from antenna radiation patterns provided by vendors.

Findings: The described method has been applied to a real-world 5G system and validated against existing MPE approaches. The results emphasize a conservative estimation technique that considers the complexities of 5G systems, such as the antenna beam directions and the variability of transmit power.

Conclusion: The proposed method offers a straightforward and cost-effective option for assessing potential overestimations of field levels compared to more complex measurement devices. It stresses the necessity for conservative estimates in public health contexts due to the inherent uncertainties in measuring directional 5G beams and variable power outputs.

Implications: Highlighting the method's conservative nature suggests that if field levels exceed standard limits, alternative precise estimation techniques should be used. This study also indicates the high complexity of MPE for 5G and the need for robust standards for future technologies.