Abstract

Overview

This systematic review discusses the susceptibility of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) to electromagnetic interference (EMI) from new-generation electronic appliances (EAs). Since data on these interactions are limited, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential risks.

Objective

The main goal was to review the mechanisms of electromagnetic interference and compile current evidence and recently published trials. These assess the influence of electromagnetic fields from electric vehicles, smartphones, and smartwatch technologies on CIED functionalities.

Methods

• Search through electronic databases including PubMed and EMBASE.
• Focus on in vivo studies analyzing EMF strength and incidents between CIEDs and commercial electric vehicles, new-generation smartphones, and smartwatches.

Findings

A total of ten studies were reviewed, covering various devices like EVs, smartphones (with specific interest in those containing magnets such as the iPhone 12), and smartwatches. Key findings include:

• No reported EMI incidents with EVs or smartwatches.
• Magnet-containing smartphones may trigger EMI when positioned directly over a CIED.

Conclusion

Overall, interactions with EVs, smartphones, and smartwatches appear safe for individuals with CIEDs under typical usage conditions, except in cases involving direct contact with certain smartphones. There remains a need for further research on the specifics of wireless charging and advanced magnet technologies in smartphones.